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src="http://static.www.frkty.com/18168_d8f61eea4538fcd3385ffac099a1280c.png" alt="Rewired_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题096.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">重塑了据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/95/escape">365必威 </a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/94/evolving"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/18013_87da4431e0eed76ea31c948f8310ca79.png" alt="evolving_pumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题094.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">不断发展的据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/93/forerunners"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/17942_c8997cb7eaa2a24c8344695c19dd1f92.png" alt="Forerunners_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题093.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">犯罪者据/h2></a></li> <li><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/92/frontiers"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/17808_cb2363f42ebd481f5b01d11a3c574536.png" alt="Frontiers_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题092.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">前沿据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/91/the-amazing-brain"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/17781_95444b7e1845b5a61dd3c44576b7548a.png" alt="amazebrain_vumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题091.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">令人惊叹的大脑据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/90/something-green"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/17552_de713869d1db126cff30a1fc0e990962.png" alt="SomethingGreen_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题090.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">绿色的东西据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/89/the-dark-side"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/17437_2d3bd33aee1c465d1234e70714324850.png" alt="DarkSide_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行089据/span><h2 class="issue-title">黑暗的一面据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/88/love--sex"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/17435_230412c7a68201e0be2f5d4fb9d442b4.png" alt="爱 - sex_thumb" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行088据/span><h2 class="issue-title">爱与性据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/87/risk"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/17385_fa99ccdbea597263a88f27075bd6eb49.png" alt="Risk_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行087据/span><h2 class="issue-title">风险据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/86/energy"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/17284_21ebe39bb45d76e5c3b4d7e86a9f134e.png" alt="Energy_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题086.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">活力据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/85/reopening"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/17226_e84b4280c8d229a450fccda70056e127.png" alt="Reopen_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题085.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">重新开放据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/84/outbreak"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/17038_02bf1a8bb2a792e32a8b9d57c293b349.png" alt="Outbreak_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行084据/span><h2 class="issue-title">爆发据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/83/intelligence"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/16937_9eb1a76b0030a39886609c0f99634cbc.png" alt="情报_" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行083据/span><h2 class="issue-title">情报据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/82/panpsychism"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/16884_96ddc5dc8fec52547e2b998e85bd2628.png" alt="Panpyschism_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题082据/span><h2 class="issue-title">Panpsychism据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/81/maps"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/16754_8a7c03958cbbbb5d374f4be72690ca7e.png" alt="Maps_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题081.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">地图据/h2></a></li> <li><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/80/aliens"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/10890_3047ee053d45323e65192012176a2a1c.png" alt="Scharf_th." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题080.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">外星人据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/79/catalysts"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/16619_e4c072e019448100c4f7c2059729f050.png" alt="Catalysts_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题079.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">催化剂据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/78/atmospheres"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/16560_6cc1e8dc080b62a0f0b7077a05af681e.png" alt="atmospheres_pumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题078.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">大气据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/77/underworldsnbsp"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/16456_a0f1720de42868b5b11f7734d30567a8.png" alt="Underworlds_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题077.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">黑社会的话据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/76/language"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/16383_09a7d8e17be9c34a1eafcea17976202a.png" alt="Language_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题076.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">语言据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/75/story"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/16291_0f5c0a62b7d3d568f84c2784fc989420.png" alt="Story_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题075.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">故事据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/74/networks"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/16189_cdfe9fc7cf9cdf7eaaa722fb3bf95742.png" alt="Networks_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题074.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">网络据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/73/play"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/16097_00a1793212795f6d222f69250c639cb7.png" alt="Play_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题073.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">玩据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/72/quandary"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/15996_754d8e7fbb2133ba4c8cae034bcfbbaa.png" alt="Quandary_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题072.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">窘境据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/71/flow"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/15910_039b598aac0db8cf2c78f97f06efbdaa.png" alt="flow_curtain-thumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题071.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">流动据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/70/variables"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/15813_931bbcc1be76e466aea6eb35b6717730.png" alt="variables_thumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题070.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">变量据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/69/patterns"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/15723_67f19fd0431cac0ac7f8ea986bbf8b9b.png" alt="Patterns_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题069.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">图案据/h2></a></li> <li><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/68/context"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/15613_1105d4e261b6276bc278026b729386d6.png" alt="Context_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题068.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">上下文据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/67/reboot"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/15538_2a3c550cc7e86e943696ee0529620811.png" alt="reboot_thumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题067.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">重新启动据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/66/clockwork"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/15413_a0e67468329f13bc8df444339bc4aa88.png" alt="Clockwork_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题066.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">发条据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/65/in-plain-sight"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/15320_f9bd58e0ae7969a7c78e417fcbfeff51.png" alt="Curtain_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题065.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">在普通的场景中,据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/64/the-unseen"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/15245_772d316613da8c54672c54d3fb5aaa58.png" alt="unseen_thumb-f." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题064.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">看不见的据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/63/horizons"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/15096_07193c44ba3be8df1f67e96110c2006e.jpg" alt="Horizons_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题063.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">视野据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/62/systems"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/14967_1ee8c137bb71a4bec258c2faf3cd31a7.png" alt="Systems_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题062.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">系统据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/61/coordinates"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/14827_fb50ef2594daff9dd6322cbb5489bcbc.png" alt="coordinates_thumb-2" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题061.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">坐标据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/60/searches"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/14628_bf2d393bc9e2e34fd5705f92a5cebe79.png" alt="Searches_CURTAIN_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题060.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">搜索据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/59/connections"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/14486_aa8cb12cf9bdaf4c309614e7a427b480.png" alt="Connections_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行059据/span><h2 class="issue-title">连接据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/58/self"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/14255_5d2a9a33a8074f6dd91c0dfb22d62341_314x177.png" alt="self_curtain_hero." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行058据/span><h2 class="issue-title">自我据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/57/communities"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/14138_970fb1f772fc2c31ef53234842710ee9.png" alt="Community-THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行057据/span><h2 class="issue-title">社区据/h2></a></li> <li><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/56/perspective"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/13997_efe7beaa44d6e14c30432d43b2522ba2.png" alt="Curtain_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行056据/span><h2 class="issue-title">的角度来看据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/55/trust"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/13846_9c25dc28b94e5226f1983330dc421cec_314x177.png" alt="Trust_HERO" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行055据/span><h2 class="issue-title">信任据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/54/the-unspoken"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/13557_b695c680f92ed7efbe95d056782827ad.png" alt="Unsapoken_Curtain_Phumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行054据/span><h2 class="issue-title">非言语据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/53/monsters"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/13000_c7bc77c261dc56714cf777b3e72cca43.png" alt="Monsters_Curtain_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行053据/span><h2 class="issue-title">怪物据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/52/the-hive"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/13103_646680a2406b2430bde8761a48e4a2ed.png" alt="hive_curtain_pumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行052据/span><h2 class="issue-title">蜂巢据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/51/limits"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/12853_5ef893a3104ab0cc85519a2ad3fec050.png" alt="Limits_Curtain_THUMB-2" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行051据/span><h2 class="issue-title">限制据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/50/emergence"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/12677_8c0f24a304f10044bcb756fd2ab2370f.png" alt="Emergence_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行050据/span><h2 class="issue-title">出现据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/49/the-absurd"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/12486_dad8cbca829b18de405baf430f37234c.png" alt="Absurd_THUMB-F" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题049.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">荒谬据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/48/chaos"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/12302_c96b5ab3e42e45e1de64114c04afdaf5.png" alt="chaos_thumb" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题048.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">混乱据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/47/consciousness"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/12055_723e8f97fde15f7a8d5ff8d558ea3f16.jpg" alt="047_th-2" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题047.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">意识据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/46/balance"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/11778_6c015f9b69e6a50c3d30b75ee796bc46.png" alt="Balance_CURTAIN-THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题046.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">平衡据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/45/power"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/11535_86d5cf1cd2afee605557c297315be15b.png" alt="power_th_2." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题045.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">力量据/h2></a></li> <li><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/44/luck"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/11346_6a41574847522a3bd0eb4a9986c5e13c.jpg" alt="Luck_TH-2" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题044.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">运气据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/43/heroes"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/11015_aa5bc34d6bd5933dd73ae2251bff88e8.png" alt="Heroes_th-1" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题043.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">英雄据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/42/fakes"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/10780_a12f69495f41bb3b637ba1b6238884d6.jpg" alt="Fakes_th." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题042.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">假货据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/41/selection"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/10525_ebd64e2bf193fc8c658af2b91952ce8d.jpg" alt="选择-Th-1" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题041.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">选择据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/40/learning"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/10306_90c34175923a36ab7a5de4b981c1972f.jpg" alt="LEARNING_TH-2" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题040据/span><h2 class="issue-title">学习据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/39/sport"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/10007_9cdf26568d166bc6793ef8da5afa0846.jpg" alt="Sport_THUMB-2" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行039据/span><h2 class="issue-title">运动据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/38/noise"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/9731_535b8a7c260ccef00aa9ac0ecde6067f.png" alt="kething_thumb" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行038据/span><h2 class="issue-title">噪音据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/37/currents"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/9454_840b37847dbecfa4be4cf70cfade8d1d.jpg" alt="Currents_TH-3" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行037据/span><h2 class="issue-title">潮流据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/36/aging"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/9122_9fdef890a0a6f2496628626367d39280.png" alt="aging_thumb" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行036据/span><h2 class="issue-title">老化据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/35/boundaries"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/8544_29301521774ff3cbd26652b2d5c95996.png" alt="Boundaries_THUMB-preview" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行035据/span><h2 class="issue-title">界限据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/34/adaptation"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/8526_7d1e6b02af59efefd53323255d6ded3d.png" alt="Adaptation_curtain_pumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行034据/span><h2 class="issue-title">适应据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/33/attraction"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/8252_88b057334964aecf7cc034c38011add0.png" alt="Attraction_THUMB-F。" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行033据/span><h2 class="issue-title">吸引力据/h2></a></li> <li><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/32/space"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/8003_75a7c30fc0063c4952d7eb044a3c0897.jpg" alt="space_th。" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行032据/span><h2 class="issue-title">空间据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/31/stress"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/7527_11958dfee29b6709f48a9ba0387a2431.png" alt="Stress_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行031据/span><h2 class="issue-title">压力据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/30/identity"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/7522_67e235e7f2fa8800d8375409b566e6b6.png" alt="Identity_TH-1" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行030据/span><h2 class="issue-title">身份据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/29/scaling"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/7248_1f4183315762e30ea441d3caef5e64ad.jpg" alt="029年_scaling_th-2" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行029据/span><h2 class="issue-title">扩展据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/28/2050"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/7059_84cdde86a4560c17d00c9c437fc2f0da.png" alt="028年_thumb" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行028据/span><h2 class="issue-title">2050.据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/27/dark-matter"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/6845_174b39525e01b7542b3ee27ac7251d2c.jpg" alt="027_thumb_f1." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行027据/span><h2 class="issue-title">暗物质据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/26/color"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/6543_12bcd658ef0a540cabc36cdf2b1046fd.jpg" alt="026年_curtain_thumb" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行026据/span><h2 class="issue-title">颜色据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/25/water"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/6262_481fbfa59da2581098e841b7afc122f1.jpg" alt="025-water_thumb" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行025据/span><h2 class="issue-title">水据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/24/error"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/6074_2281f5c898351dbc6dace2ba201e7948.jpg" alt="024 _thumb-f。" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行024据/span><h2 class="issue-title">错误据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/23/dominoes"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/5755_840d68cbbbfa627cd4635408a6c82009.png" alt="023 -拇指- 1" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行023据/span><h2 class="issue-title">骨牌据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/22/slow"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/5502_13d4635deccc230c944e4ff6e03404b5.png" alt="022_Thumb-2" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行022据/span><h2 class="issue-title">慢据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/21/information"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/5283_5ca359ab1e9e3b9c478459944a2d9ca5.png" alt="Information_THUMB-1" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行021据/span><h2 class="issue-title">信息据/h2></a></li> <li><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/20/creativity"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/5027_853c68de7253cdd55dc37be410a45c60.jpg" alt="020年_creativity_thumb-v2" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">发行020据/span><h2 class="issue-title">创造力据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/101/in-our-nature"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/4848_3e9f0fc9b2f89e043bc6233994dfcf76.jpg" alt="SP_Nature_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">必威网址吧</span><h2 class="issue-title">在我们的本质上据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/19/illusions"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/4674_1f5795e7b93f423c397e6f7aaff80133.png" alt="019_thumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题019据/span><h2 class="issue-title">幻想据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/18/genius"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/4436_a1f0cf94512f963e5ed4edd9af70e2cc.jpg" alt="018_thumb_1." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题018.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">天才据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/17/big-bangs"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/4128_770c0e7e2af0db73409aa2431aa8f33e.jpg" alt="Cover_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题017据/span><h2 class="issue-title">大爆炸据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/16/nothingness"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/3887_9649dec6196d730c5e024f204477d8d1.png" alt="16_thumb。" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题016据/span><h2 class="issue-title">虚无据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/15/turbulence"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/3677_71d7232b9fed020ca23729017873089e.png" alt="015_thumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题015据/span><h2 class="issue-title">动荡据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/14/mutation"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/3468_322f62469c5e3c7dc3e58f5a4d1ea399.png" alt="14 _thumb" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题014据/span><h2 class="issue-title">突变据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/13/symmetry"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/3205_9ef2ed4b7fd2c810847ffa5fa85bce38.png" alt="Issue13_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题013据/span><h2 class="issue-title">对称据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/12/feedback"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/3037_10ce03a1ed01077e3e289f3e53c72813.jpg" alt="012_thumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题012据/span><h2 class="issue-title">回馈据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/11/light"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/2713_403ea2e851b9ab04a996beab4a480a30.png" alt="011年_thumb" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题011.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">光据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/10/mergers--acquisitions"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/2470_7cc234202e98d2722580858573fd0817.png" alt="问题-010_cover-thumb" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题010据/span><h2 class="issue-title">合并和收购据/h2></a></li> <li><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/9/time"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/2220_d2a27e83d429f0dcae6b937cf440aeb1.png" alt="time_cover_thumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题009.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">时间据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/8/home"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/1899_6be5336db2c119736cf48f475e051bfe.png" alt="spacenest_thumb." width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题008.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">首页据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/7/waste"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/1639_3c1e4bd67169b8153e0047536c9f541e.png" alt="007年_thumb" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题007.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">浪费据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/6/secret-codes"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/1342_5e1b18c4c6a6d31695acbae3fd70ecc6.png" alt="Issue6_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题006.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">密码据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/5/fame"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/1040_537d9b6c927223c796cac288cced29df.png" alt="Fame_THUMB" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题005.据/span><h2 class="issue-title">名声据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/4/the-unlikely"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/796_35cf8659cfcb13224cbd47863a34fc58.png" alt="004年_thumb" width="230" height="130"> </div><span class="article-tag">问题004据/span><h2 class="issue-title">不太可能的据/h2></a><a class="tp_" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/3/in-transit"> <div class="article-thumb"> <img 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关闭据/div> </div> </div> <div class="article-paywall"> <div class="wrap"> <p class=""><span class="article-title">您已阅读了2个免费的每月一篇文章中的1个。据a href="//www.frkty.com/primeuser">了解更多。据/a></span></p> <div class="close-article-paywall" style="display:block;cursor:pointer;"> 关闭据/div> </div> </div> <section style="display:block;" class="leaderboard-ad-belt art"> <div class="leaderboard-ad-belt-inner hp" style="padding:0px;"> <a href="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=Q6JLSZ3H4UFVC"> <div class="amazon"></div></a> </div> </section> <header class="article-header"> <div class="banner" style="position:relative; background-image: url(http://static.www.frkty.com/6944_ba51e6158bcaf80fd0d834950251e693.png);"> <img itemprop="image" style="display:none;" src="http://static.www.frkty.com/6944_ba51e6158bcaf80fd0d834950251e693.png" alt="鹦鹉螺"> </div> <span class="article-tag"> <table class="termtag"> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="//www.frkty.com/term/l/Biology">生物学据/a></td> <td class="article-tag-pipe"></td> <td class="article-tag-focus"><a href="//www.frkty.com/term/f/Genetics">遗传学据/a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></span> <hgroup> <h1 itemprop="headline" class="article-title">这种性别神秘在出生前九个月开始据/h1> <h2 itemprop="alternativeHeadline" class="article-subtitle">几个世纪以来，男女受孕比例一直被误解。据/h2> </hgroup> <div class="byline"> <span style="display:none;" itemprop="author">David Steinsaltz, J.W. Stubblefield，和J.E. Zuckerman据/span> <span>由David Steinsaltz，J.W.Studblefield，＆J.E. Zuckerman据/span> <span>图片说明:Jackie Ferrentino据/span>2015年8月20日据/div> <section class="social-tools"> <ul> <li><a href="#comm" class="jump-to-comments"><i class="icon-comments"></i>添加评论据/a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?s=100&p%5Bsite_name%5D=Nautilus&p%5Btype%5D=website&p%5Burl%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frkty.com%2Fissue%2F27%2Fdark-matter%2Fthis-gender-mystery-starts-nine-months-before-birth&p%5Btitle%5D=This+Gender+Mystery+Starts+Nine+Months+Before+Birth+-+Issue+27%3A+Dark+Matter+-+Nautilus&p%5Bsummary%5D=Is+it+a+boy+or+a+girl%3F+That%E2%80%99s+what+everyone+wants+to+know+from+the+expecting+parents.+The+ratio+of+newborn+boys+to+girls+%28called%26%238230%3B&p%5Bimages%5D%5B0%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.www.frkty.com%2F6946_6ea3f1874b188558fafbab78e8c3a968.png" target="_blank" class="fb-share obnd_lnk" data-trval="this-gender-mystery-starts-nine-months-before-birth" data-trlbl="facebook" data-tract="social_share"><i class="icon-facebook"></i>Facebook据/a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frkty.com%2Fissue%2F27%2Fdark-matter%2Fthis-gender-mystery-starts-nine-months-before-birth&text=This+Gender+Mystery+Starts+Nine+Months+Before+Birth&via=NautilusMag" target="_blank" class="tw-share obnd_lnk" data-trval="this-gender-mystery-starts-nine-months-before-birth" data-trlbl="twitter" data-tract="social_share"><i class="icon-twitter"></i>推特据/a></li> <li><a href="mailto:?subject=Nautilus: This Gender Mystery Starts Nine Months Before Birth&body=I saw this article on Nautil.us and wanted to share it with you.%0D%0A---------------------------%0D%0AThis Gender Mystery Starts Nine Months Before Birth%0D%0AGenetics:The ratio of boys to girls at conception has been misunderstood for centuries.%0D%0A%0D%0AIs it a boy or a girl? 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href="http://www.stumbleupon.com/badge/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frkty.com%2Fissue%2F27%2Fdark-matter%2Fthis-gender-mystery-starts-nine-months-before-birth" target="_blank" class="stb-share obnd_lnk" data-trval="this-gender-mystery-starts-nine-months-before-birth" data-trlbl="stumbleupon" data-tract="social_share"><i class="icon-stumbleupon"></i>偶然发现据/a></li> <li class="more_soc closedsoc"><a href="http://tumblr.com/share?s=&v=3&t=This+Gender+Mystery+Starts+Nine+Months+Before+Birth&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frkty.com%2Fissue%2F27%2Fdark-matter%2Fthis-gender-mystery-starts-nine-months-before-birth" target="_blank" class="tmb-share obnd_lnk" data-trval="this-gender-mystery-starts-nine-months-before-birth" data-trlbl="tumbler" data-tract="social_share"><i class="icon-tumbler"></i>Tumblr据/a></li> <li class="more_soc closedsoc"><a href="https://getpocket.com/save?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frkty.com%2Fissue%2F27%2Fdark-matter%2Fthis-gender-mystery-starts-nine-months-before-birth&title=This+Gender+Mystery+Starts+Nine+Months+Before+Birth" target="_blank" data-lang="en" class="pocket-share obnd_lnk" data-trval="this-gender-mystery-starts-nine-months-before-birth" data-trlbl="pocket" data-tract="social_share"><i class="icon-pocket"></i>口袋里据/a></li>  </ul> </section> </header> <span itemprop="description" style="display:none;">是男孩还是女孩?这是每个人都想从准父母那里知道的。新生男婴和女婴的比例(被称为…据/span> <meta itemprop="datePublished" style="display:none;" content="2015-08-20 03:00:00"> <div class="wrap"> <div itemprop="articleBody" class="page-content"> <p><span class="dropcap">一世据/span>这是一个男孩还是女孩？这是每个人都想从准父母那里知道的。新生男孩对女孩的比例（称为次级性别比例）是社会重要性的问题，偶尔甚至是国家政策。但是，尽管存在更模糊的比例，但与鸡蛋受精和发展开始，男孩对女孩的比例同样重要的是，蛋受精，称为初级性别比例。据/p> <p>虽然次要性别比例是每100个女孩（或仅仅106的速记）持续约106名男孩，初级性别比例是几个世纪以来的持续炒作的主题。Naïvely可能会期望它是100平衡的，相同数量的男孩和女孩。看看为什么它引起了这种关注，假设它是125。由于从一个X和一个Y染色体产生精子的细胞，这意味着X染色体中的五分之一即将使其成为功能性精子，或者被防止在沿途某处的卵子施肥。这是一个巨大的偏见，需要强大但是未被发现的生物机制。据/p> <p>或者，如果精子是在被创造出来之后进行性别选择的，那么这个过程可能会随着时间的推移而延长。性交时间的改变可能会对所生孩子为女孩的可能性产生重大影响。(这种效应经常被宣称，尽管这种效应的方向不一致，也从未被最终证实。)据/p> <blockquote class="pull-quote"> <p>在每个年龄段，在几乎每次和地点，一个男人比女人更有可能死。据/p> </blockquote> <p>主要的性别比例还可能说明生殖技术、营养补充剂、药物和环境化学物质可能如何改变性别的无形尺度，影响哪些胚胎存活哪些死亡。已知一些主要的污染暴露会引起次级性别比的剧烈变化:包括美国和加拿大在内的几个发达国家都观察到男婴出生比例出现了微小但统计上显著的下降，有人认为这可能是接触破坏性化学物质的一个指标。据/p> <div class="reco" style="margin-bottom:38px;border-top: 1px solid #d8d8d8;border-bottom: 1px solid #d8d8d8;padding:25px 0px;"> <article class="issue-article"> <div style="float:left;"> <a href="//www.frkty.com/issue/6/Secret Codes/the-menu-says-snapper-really" class="obnd_lnk" data-trval="the-menu-says-snapper-really" data-trlbl="foc_rec" data-tract="internal_art"><img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/1558_29921001f2f04bd3baee84a12e98098f.png" alt="sapolsky_th-f1" width="314" height="177" style="margin-right:18px;"></a> </div> <div> <span class="article-tag"><span class="article-tag"><span class="article-tag-focus"><a style="font-weight:600;font-size:12px;" href="//www.frkty.com/term/f/Genetics">还在遗传学中据/a></span></span></span> <h4 class="article-title"><a style="margin:0px;" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/6/Secret Codes/the-menu-says-snapper-really" class="obnd_lnk" data-trval="the-menu-says-snapper-really" data-trlbl="foc_rec" data-tract="internal_art">菜单说“snapper。”真的吗？据/a></h4> <p class="article-author" style="margin:0px;font-size:14px;line-height:31px;">由艾米Maxmen据/p> <p style="font-size:14px;line-height:21px;">从前收银员那里取下：条形码彻底改变了杂货店。不再是过度劳累和不足的员工努力回忆茴香灯泡和芹菜根之间的区别，或落后于价格标签交换......据strong><a style="border:0px;" href="//www.frkty.com/issue/6/Secret Codes/the-menu-says-snapper-really" class="obnd_lnk" data-trval="the-menu-says-snapper-really" data-trlbl="foc_rec" data-tract="internal_art">阅读更多据/a></strong></p> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </article> </div> <p>主次性别比差异越大，通过性别特异性机制失去的某一性别的数量就越多。弄清这一过程可能会指导医疗努力防止不必要的流产。更普遍地说，了解主要的性别比例，以及受孕后男性和女性的不同轨迹，是了解形成人类家庭和人口性别结构的进化力量的重要线索。据/p> <p>出于所有这些原因，初级性别比率一直是热情猜测的主题，但直到最近，很少详细知识。这是因为胚胎种群的命运几乎无法辨认。各种估计将贫受的人卵的分数放在三分之一和三分之二之间怀孕的第一个妊娠中丢失。其中许多甚至没有生存在子宫内植入，所以我们是否应该说怀孕甚至开始了。“他们来的是空的，他们的结局是黑暗，”正如圣经所说的那样。据/p> <p>尽管如此，在2008年由一个叫做的大型国际心理学家队的百科全书工作据i>性别差异:总结了一个多世纪的科学研究据/i>，关于生物学的章节以这种方式开头：据/p> <p style="padding-left:60px;padding-right:60px;">关于主要性别比例的研究主要限于对流产和流产的人类胎儿的研究。这些研究表明，男性的受孕率大大高于女性。据估计，人类中男性受孕超过女性受孕的比例高达160 - 100(61.5%)。据/p> <p>问题是，这个结论是完全错误的，而现代数据已经充分证明了这一点。据sup>1据/sup>尽管其固有的令人难以解决的专家的隧道愿景，但它仍然是一个世纪以来的标准账户，这是一个有价诚的专家的隧道愿景，以及如何充分重复的事实成为自己的确认。这是一个科学家如何组装已知的线索线索的故事，但从未以正确的方式汇集在一起 - 解决一百年的谜团，并揭示了人类生活的不可观察的真理。据/p> <figure class="breaker-image" data-alt="" data-title="Dreadful Visitations" data-capper="Weekly records of deaths in London used to be published in bills of mortality, like this one from 1664. John Graunt used them and other documents to speculate on the sex ratio." data-credits="Folger Shakespeare Library"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/6948_ff7a2112f8c3e3224ce8e3e26de1d932.png" width="733" alt=""> <figcaption> <span class="caption"><strong>可怕的拜访：据/strong>伦敦的每周死亡记录曾经以死亡清单的形式公布，比如这张1664年的。约翰·格兰特利用这些数据和其他文件来推测性别比例。据/span> <span class="credit">叶片莎士比亚图书馆据/span> </figcaption> </figure> <p><br></p> <p><span class="dropcap">B.据/span>身为男性是件危险的事。你可能已经知道，处于青春期的年轻男子将自己暴露在不必要的暴力或事故的危险中，并承受过高的死亡率。但这远远超出:在每一个时代,几乎在每一个时间和地点,一个男人比女人更容易死亡,根据最近的一项研究的数据超过两个世纪的13个不同的发达国家,男性障碍已经增加在整个20世纪和21世纪的。例如，2013年，每1万名40岁至44岁的美国女性中约有15人死亡，而男性的死亡人数为25人。同年，每1万名女婴中有54人死亡，每1万名男婴中有65人死亡。在10岁和70多岁的人群中也发现了类似的差异。据/p> <p>几个世纪以来，早期到期的特殊男性倾向。在1662年，伦敦·哈特道斯赫和兼职哲学家约翰格拉弗出版了他的据i>对死亡法案的自然和政治观察据/i>这本书是你可能从未听说过的最具革命性的书籍之一。除了采矿迄今为止在London-gathered作品的寄存器的死亡的目的确定暴发plague-Graunt结合与其他来源的数据,如教堂葬礼的记录和洗礼,把他描绘成一个统计Restoration-era英格兰的生与死。他说:据/p> <p style="padding-left:60px;padding-right:60px;">从1628年到1662年，据i>独家据/i>，209,436据i>男性据/i>，但190,474据i>女性据/i>也有据i>Christned据/i>在同一时间内，139,782据i>男性据/i>但但是130,866据i>女性据/i>，并且该国accompts对那些人来说足够辅音据i>伦敦据/i>在这个问题上。据/p> <p>这里有三个引人注目的观察结果：首先，有几乎相同的男性和女性出生物;其次，它们并不完全平等，伦敦的性别比例约为107;第三，伦敦诞生的性别比例与英格兰其他地方的性别相似。据/p> <p>Graunt的过剩的男性出生，令人恰当地弥补了更多的人搬迁或死亡的男性（在战争，事故和“司法手中”），留下了平等数量的年轻成年男性和女性。这一解释是以下两个世纪的标准。据/p> <p>1840年，克里斯托夫·伯努利(Christoph Bernoulli)将现在所谓的“脆弱男性”假说延伸到了出生之后，即受孕的那一刻。在观察到死产或流产的男性胎儿多于女性胎儿后，伯努利推断，出生的少量男性胎儿(51.5%)一定是大量男性胎儿的残余。通过仔细的计算——尽管他承认他只能猜测计算的关键数字，即总流产率——他估计所怀的胚胎中有52%是男性，性别比率为108:100。据/p> <p>这为之后两个世纪的传统智慧提供了信息。俄罗斯统计学家亚历山大·奇鲁普(Alexander Tschuprow)在20世纪早期指出，男性流产的比例似乎随着怀孕时间的延长而增加——有时被称为“奇鲁普定律”。结合对怀孕早期流产率高得多的认识，Tschuprow定律导致估计60%或更多的男性在怀孕。据/p> <p>统计推测成为了教科书上的真理，即使在今天也在重复。如果你不是这方面的专家，如果你甚至不知道出生时男性倾向，你可能会naïvely不同意专家的观点。你可能会猜想，怀上男孩和女孩的数量可能是一样的。如果你知道得更多一点，性别是由携带x染色体的精子还是携带y染色体的精子完成受精而决定的，而且(至少一开始)每种精子的数量是相等的，那么平等的假设似乎更有道理。直到最近，大多数接受过医学、人口统计学或人类生物学教育的人都会发出啧啧的啧啧声，并解释为什么事情没有那么简单。但你是对的，专家是错的。据sup>*据/sup></p> <blockquote class="pull-quote"> <p>许多误认为他们的粗略估计是精确的真理，然后在其中添加了一大堆偏见的猜测。据/p> </blockquote> <p>在怀孕早期控制性别比例的一种方法是对人工流产中性别比例的现有研究进行元分析。当我们只看研究染色体核型鉴定实际上识别性的胚胎,所以最可靠,公正的方法实际上看到性别比例出现在最早的几周,主要是女性与男性的比例在妊娠前三个月上升。虽然这个数字太小，无法对这一趋势做出非常精确的估计，但很明显，没有证据表明大量的雄性过剩。与此一致的是，用现代性别鉴定方法对早期流产的研究往往发现女性多于男性。据/p> <p>现代大规模产前检查为我们提供了新的工具和新的数据。对6万1千例8 - 14周的绒毛膜绒毛取样妊娠的结果进行分析，发现51.4%的胎儿为男性(性别比为105.7)，而超过80万例12 - 22周的羊膜穿刺术结果为50.6%的胎儿为男性(性别比为102.4)。这些结果有些不一致，可能反映出一些由于筛选妇女进行这些测试而产生的小偏差。但同样，没有证据表明任何时候的性别比例都大大高于众所周知的典型出生性别比106。据/p> <p>目前或可预见的技术无法使任何直接测量更接近受孕的性别比例。相反，我们转向辅助生殖技术诊所的胚胎，这有助于伴随着自己的困难。这些诊所中进行的程序通常涉及体外施肥，并且通常包括预溶解遗传诊断（PGD），以通过消除染色体异常补充的胚胎来改善成功怀孕的机会。分析PGD中遗传缺陷的140,0003至6天常胚的样品与概念完全平衡的性别比（100.8±1.2）一致。据sup>**据/sup></p> <p>这些数据得出的不可避免的结论是，怀孕前三个月是"脆弱男性"规则的一个独特例外，该规则规定，同年龄男性的死亡率高于女性。事实上，当我们更仔细地观察我们的PGD胚胎时，我们发现男性在那些缺失或多出染色体的胚胎中占有过多的比例。这些有染色体缺陷的胚胎几乎注定要流产，大多数甚至在植入前就流产了，所以雄性胚胎一开始就存在缺陷。在那些拥有正确染色体的人中，可能有49.3%是男性。在大约三个月的时间里，肯定会有非常多的女性死亡率，导致接近51.5%的出生性别比的男性在怀孕15周左右仍然存在。据/p> <p>我们不知道这是什么时候发生的。到目前为止，我们对提高女性死亡率的机制几乎一无所知。女性胚胎在生长的这一阶段可能面临着一个固有的困难——可能与使一条X染色体失活的过程有关。另一种可能是，母亲在衡量胚胎健康和衡量继续妊娠的风险与好处的机制中存在不平衡。据/p> <p>但有一点是清楚的，那就是主要性别比例在100以内。据/p> <p>为什么早先的估计如此离谱?目前估计的大部分数据依赖于生殖医学的技术和实践——体外受精、绒毛膜绒毛取样、羊膜穿刺术——这些直到最近才得到。很难解释的并不是早期的研究人员无法准确地确定主要性别比例。很难解释的是，如此多的人把他们的粗略估计误认为是精确的事实，然后在这些估计之上再加上一些有偏见的猜测。堕胎数据是了解早期性别比例的唯一直接窗口，在20世纪70年代染色体分析技术发展之前，人们一直倾向于高估男性数量。这些偏见受到怀疑，但往往被忽视。除此之外，在任何单个研究中检查的胚胎的数量都很少，通常不到1000，有时不到100，因此，在估计中存在巨大的统计差异是不可避免的。但是，尽管在几百个胚胎中发现60%为男性的研究进入了教科书，但发现40%为男性的研究往往被忽视。除了人类倾向于忽视那些与我们认为我们已经知道的事实相矛盾的证据之外，很难找到任何理由来解释这一点。据/p> <p><br></p> <p><span class="dropcap">一世据/span>在神的旨意被广泛接受为世界精细结构的充分甚至令人满意的解释的日子里，成年男女数量大致相等被认为是上帝对人类一夫一妻制的计划。这种理论早在约翰·格兰特(John Graunt)之前就提出过，但在1710年由苏格兰医生约翰·阿尔布诺特(John Arbuthnot)在他的文章《论神的旨意》(An Argument for Divine Providence)中作了详细阐述。摘自《两性出生观察到的恒定规律性》，这本书也被普遍认为是对科学假设进行正式统计检验的第一部著作。然而，满足18世纪好奇心的东西在19世纪是不够的。据/p> <p>达尔文本人解决了第一版中性比例的演变问题据i>男人的下降据/i>争论自然选择应该倾向于平衡男性和女性后代的数量。然而，他后来有疑虑，并且在第二版中，他放弃了这个论点，并提供了一个道歉，“我现在看到整个问题是如此复杂的是，它更安全地让未来的解决方案。”据/p> <p>达尔文的原始论点在精神上与今天被接受的东西相似。在数学形式首次由德国生物学家Carl杜宁劳动，它始于每个后代有一个母亲和一个父亲的基本事实，并且他们做出了平等的遗传贡献。因此，未来几代人的一半祖先来自女性，从雄性中有一半。假设每年只有一代，如在许多昆虫或年度植物中，总共有据i>F据/i>女性和据i>m据/i>男性怀孕。然后，平均而言，每个女性可以期望得到分数1/据i>F据/i>雌性的遗传贡献，每只雄性的遗传贡献是1/据i>m据/i>男性的遗传贡献据/p> <p>现在,如果据i>F据/i>据据i>m据/i>，父母通过生产女性（如果逆转为真）对后代对后代作出更大的贡献。由于进化选择更有可能通过它们基因的生物，因此当有更多的男性比人口中的女性有更多的男性，致命的遗传性倾向于多余的人，反之亦然。这将系统驱动到均衡，这是达到的据i>F据/i>=据i>m据/i>。据/p> <blockquote class="pull-quote"> <p>成年男性和女性数量大致相等，这被视为上帝对人类一夫一妻制的计划。据/p> </blockquote> <p>英国统计学家R.A.Fisher于1930年通过允许女性和男性后代可能对父母可用的有限资源提供不同需求的可能性来扩展这一论点。（他的书被忽视提及达尔文，杜兴或任何其他前任，因此，这个想法已被称为Fisher原则。）他表明自然选择有利于两种性别而不是相同的人。在一个稀缺的世界中，父母被选中，以最大化每单位成本的后代健身，而不是后代健身本身。据/p> <p>问题在于，对后代的投资很难计算。不足为奇的是，我们没有可靠的估算出人类在两性身上的总投入。大多数物种都有一段明确的亲代投入期，在此之后后代就可以独立生活。在群居物种中，特别是在人类中，家庭成员或更具包容性的群体之间的资源转移可能会持续一生。随着年龄的增长，人类儿童也开始对家庭经济做出贡献。所有这些都使得明确定义人类亲代投资时期变得困难。据/p> <p>我们不知道平衡的初生性别比例是反映了一个僵化的性别决定系统，还是自然选择青睐的最佳投资策略。当不平衡的性别比例需要解释时，包括自然选择一直在起作用的可能性，平衡的性别比例充其量只能提供模棱两可的证据。这是性别决定的XY机制的默认结果:携带X和y的精子产生的数量相同，使卵子受精的机会也应该相同。如果所有哺乳动物都拥有的XY系统不能产生100以外的主性别比，那么主性别比就不会有遗传变异或自然选择。据/p> <p>不管怎样，我们现在知道，100的比例构成了性别比例在妊娠期及以后的轨迹的背景。我们现在也知道，在9个月的时间里，性别比例会出现复杂的反复变化，出生时的性别比例也会随着环境因素的变化而变化，包括压力和污染的程度，这可能是一种适应性的方式。据/p> <p>“一个人出生前九个月的历史，”柯勒律治说，“也许要比他出生后七十年间的历史有趣得多，其中所包含的重大事件也多得多。”出生之前的9个月不仅是生命的9个月，而且是死亡的9个月。这种死亡塑造和选择了那些存活下来的人，并走向世界。据/p> <figure class="breaker-image" data-alt="" data-title="" data-capper="" data-credits="Getty Images"> <img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/6953_5e34a2b4c23f4de585fb09a7f546f527.png" width="733" alt=""> <figcaption> 盖蒂张照片据/figcaption> </figure> <p><br></p> <p><span class="dropcap">T.据/span>他旧的初级性别比的故事 - 高达282人（男性74％），一些账面迅速下降，然后稳步出生，走了。怀孕期间随时的任何性别比率高于108（52％）基本上被现代数据排除在外。过去妊娠期中间的性别比率以极大的准确性所知，至少在工业化国家，具有强大的卫生系统和可靠的生命统计数据，因为在记录了这一点之后几乎每个胎儿死亡。20周胎儿的性别比基本上与次级性别比率相同：即使Sixtroun是所有男性，即使所有男性，也是太小的死亡人数太小而无法差异。据/p> <p>一项直接的结果是，任何新的医疗干预都可以合理地预期在前三个月的流产次数的新医疗干预，以便比男性胚胎拯救更多的女性，在出生时巧妙地转化性别比率和进入未来。预防后来的流产和死产会增加男孩的数量。据/p> <p>新的筛查方法提取了在母亲血液中循环的胎儿DNA，这些数据可能会让我们对最初几个月的图像更加清晰。将这些数据与个体基因组数据相结合，将有助于在受孕后相对较短的时间内衡量性别比例轨迹的可遗传变异，这将为自然选择提供依据。据/p> <p>即使知道了主要性别比例和出生轨迹的细节，我们也只能在第一个基地进行一系列全新的探索。在所有的人口中，在任何时候，初级性别比都是一样的吗?在具有相似性别决定模式的相关物种中，初级性别比例的可变性有多大?是什么机制使女性在头三个月的存活率下降，而男性在之后的三个月存活率下降?据/p> <p>还有更广泛的问题:男性和女性的死亡率波动仅仅是生化的紧急情况，还是与被遗忘的灾难和史前时代日常人口统计压力有关?在现代人类中，是否真的存在对环境条件做出反应的性别调整的残余，如果存在，为什么，为什么如此之少?还有那个长期存在的问题:为什么人类的生命始于如此多的死亡?据/p> <p><br></p> <p><i>David Steinsaltz是牛津大学统计委员会的副教授。他博客据a href="http://commoninfirmities.com/" target="_blank">常见的软弱据/a>。据/i></p> <p><i>J. William Stubblefield是一位独立的生物学家。据/i></p> <p><i>詹姆斯E. Zuckerman是哈佛医学院和妇女医院的妇产科，妇科和生殖生物学助理教授。据/i></p> <p><br></p> <p><b>脚注据/b></p> <p>*当然不是所有的专家。1971年的教科书据i>人体怀孕的生理学据/i>弗兰克·e·海滕(Frank E. Hytten)和伊莎贝拉·利奇(Isabella Leitch)在《性别比例》(The Sex Ratio)的附录中写道，开篇写道:“长期以来，人们一直认为男性占相当大的优势，在怀孕时的性别比例很高。这种估计几乎肯定是错误的，可能是由于在发育早期，男性和女性的生殖器表面上很相似。”胚胎学家M. R. Creasy在1977年指出，关于男权为主性别比例的证据不足，另一位胚胎学家Charles Boklage在2005年抨击了这一理论基础。据/p> <p>**乍一看，它似乎似乎无法清楚相关辅助生殖技术概念可能具有自然构想的胚胎的性别比例。毕竟，提出的理论解释了概念的推定男性过量通常吸引了在肥沃期间改变激素浓度的一些差异影响，或者通过生育管通过出生管道到通常发生的输卵管中的精子奥德赛中的一些偏差。其他文章中的艺术实践，包括PGD，以及选择与生育问题的夫妻接受这些程序，可能影响我们对初级性别比率的估计。另一方面，已知体外施肥出生的二级性别比基本上与来自自然概念的源于相同。由于妊娠后植入后疗程类似于两种出生，因此相同的次要性别比例可能意味着类似的主要性别比例。据/p> <p><br></p> <p><b>参考据/b></p> <p>1. orzack，s.h.，据i>et al。据/i>人类从受孕到出生的性别比例。据i>美国国家科学院院刊据/i><b>112据/b>E2102-E2111(2015)。据/p> <p><br></p> <p><i>照片：Andrew Syred / Science Source据/i></p> <section class="leaderboard-ad-belt"> <div class="leaderboard-ad-belt-inner adarticle">  <div id="div-gpt-ad-1380044019755-0" class="leaderboard-ad">    </div> </div> </section> </div>   <div class="rail">  <section id="issue-map" class="issue-map rail-module"> <hgroup class="module-header"> <h2 class="issue-number">发行027据/h2> <h3 class="issue-title">暗物质据/h3> <h4 class="module-action"><a href="//www.frkty.com/issue/27/dark-matter">探索这个问题据/a></h4> </hgroup> <div id="collapse-wrapper" class="collapse-wrapper"> <div id="scroll-wrapper" class="scroll-wrapper"> <ul class="issue-map-chapters"> <li class="issue-map-chapter">  <div class="chapter-number"> 第三章据/div> <div class="issue-map-articles"> <div class="chapter-title"> 黑暗的开始据/div> <ul> <li class=" issnav "><a href="//www.frkty.com/issue/27/dark-matter/read-the-lost-dream-journal-of-the-man-who-discovered-neurons"><img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/6919_b670dfc593340027581047db105f3347_314x177.png" alt="Erlich_HERO-1" width="199" height="112"><span class="article-tag">心理学据/span><span class="article-title">阅读发现神经元的人丢失的梦的日志据/span></a></li> <li class=" issnav "><a href="//www.frkty.com/issue/27/dark-matter/big-data-is-for-the-birds"><img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/6952_a61f27ab2165df0e18cc9433bd7f27c5.png" alt="oconnor_thumb-2" width="199" height="112"><span class="article-tag">动物据/span><span class="article-title">大数据是鸟类的专利据/span></a></li> <li class=" issnav active"><a href="//www.frkty.com/issue/27/dark-matter/this-gender-mystery-starts-nine-months-before-birth"><img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/6946_6ea3f1874b188558fafbab78e8c3a968.png" alt="" width="199" height="112"><span class="article-tag">遗传学据/span><span class="article-title">这种性别神秘在出生前九个月开始据/span></a> <div class="article-progress-wrapper">  </div></li> <li class=" issnav "><a href="//www.frkty.com/issue/27/dark-matter/parenthood-the-great-moral-gamble-rp"><img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/362_c3e878e27f52e2a57ace4d9a76fd9acf.png" alt="002_Parenthood_Phumb." width="199" height="112"><span class="article-tag">哲学据/span><span class="article-title">父母身份，伟大的道德赌博据/span></a></li> </ul> </div></li> </ul>  </div>  </div>  </section> <div id="footnote_sideview"></div> </div>  </div>  <a name="comm"></a> <footer class="article-footer"> <div id="comments-container" class="comments-container"> <div class="button button_active"> 加入讨论据/div> </div> <div id="disqus_thread" class="disqus-thread"></div> </footer> <section class="module-more-articles has-next"> <div class="wrap"> <div class="next-article"> <h2>下一篇文章：据/h2> <article> <a href="//www.frkty.com/issue/27/dark-matter/parenthood-the-great-moral-gamble-rp" class="article-thumb"><img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/362_c3e878e27f52e2a57ace4d9a76fd9acf.png" width="231" height="141" alt="002_Parenthood_Phumb."></a> <span class="article-tag">思想据/span> <h3 class="article-title"><a href="//www.frkty.com/issue/27/dark-matter/parenthood-the-great-moral-gamble-rp">父母身份，伟大的道德赌博据/a></h3> <span class="article-author">在克莱尔Creffield据/span> </article> </div> <div class="related-articles"> <h2>相关文章:据/h2> <ul> <li> <article> <a href="//www.frkty.com/issue/13/symmetry/stress-gives-you-daughters-sons-make-you-liberal" class="article-thumb"><img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/3152_32cbf687880eb1674a07bf717761dd3a.png" width="231" height="141" alt="conley_thumb-2"></a> <span class="article-tag">文化据/span> <h3 class="article-title"><a href="//www.frkty.com/issue/13/symmetry/stress-gives-you-daughters-sons-make-you-liberal">压力给你女儿，儿子让你自由据/a></h3> <span class="article-author">由道尔顿康利据/span> </article></li> <li> <article> <a href="//www.frkty.com/issue/22/slow/why-egg-freezing-is-an-impossible-choice" class="article-thumb"><img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/5476_9ba82616fac74de9ce334ea7532cfddc.png" width="231" height="141" alt="Rabinowitz_THUMB-1"></a> <span class="article-tag">生物学据/span> <h3 class="article-title"><a href="//www.frkty.com/issue/22/slow/why-egg-freezing-is-an-impossible-choice">为什么冷冻卵子是不可能的选择据/a></h3> <span class="article-author">由Abby Rabinowitz.据/span> </article></li> <li> <article> <a href="//www.frkty.com/issue/17/big-bangs/how-a-zebra-mussel-convinced-me-to-get-a-vasectomy" class="article-thumb"><span class="video-icon"></span><img src="http://static.www.frkty.com/4165_a7f0d2b95c60161b3f3c82f764b1d1c9.png" width="231" height="141" alt="电影 - 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